With the rise of quantum technologies and the ability to control single atoms, ions and molecules, thermodynamics faces new challenges:

• What new thermodynamic effects can be observed in the quantum microscopic realm?
• Can quantum heat machines drastically outperform classical heat machines?
• Are there additional scale-dependent thermodynamic laws that become important only in small coherent systems?
• What are the possibilities entailed in microscopic thermal control protocols?
• How will the next generation of microscopic heat machines look like?